Yeah, his comment is relevant. The reason I hit this bug is that
systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service failed to start, and that service is
responsible for creating /var/run/utmp on Ubuntu(hence utmpx functions
cannot store/fetch runlevel). The systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service failure
is LXD-specific, and Lukas' comment suggests a workaround that could
make systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service run OK (apparently without removing
the LoadCredential= entries).

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1998943

Title:
  wait_booted() times out on systems with broken sysvinit compat

Status in autopkgtest package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  The wait_booted() function in lib/VirtSubproc.py uses `runlevel` to
  get the current SysV runlevel, and only considers the test bed booted
  if `runlevel` returns a valid number. This is fine in most cases, but
  causes the test bed to timeout if this SysVinit compatibility is
  broken for some reason. Since Ubuntu runs systemd, it would be better
  to also check e.g. if multi-user.target is active, since SysVinit
  programs/interfaces are only left around in systemd for compatibility.

  I came across this in a PPA autopkgtest where privileged LXD
  containers broke systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service, which is responsible
  for creating /var/run/utmp, which is needed for utmpx functions (i.e.
  how runlevel is stored on the system). Even though the container was
  booted and running "OK", autopkgtest timed out waiting for the test
  bed to boot: https://autopkgtest.ubuntu.com/results/autopkgtest-lunar-
  enr0n-systemd/lunar/amd64/s/systemd/20221130_112430_66c56@/log.gz(look
  for the line '<VirtSubproc>: failure: timed out waiting for testbed to
  start; last runlevel "unknown').

  I plan on providing a patch for this.

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