Dear Lars, dear Simon, yes, the solution works! And even better: compilation now also works without the -dynamic flag! I tried my minimal example again, and both
guix shell --pure ghc ghc-comonad gcc-toolchain@10 -- ghc --make -dynamic -v LinkMe.hs
as well as guix shell --pure ghc ghc-comonad gcc-toolchain -- ghc LinkMe.hs produce working executables. Thank you very much!