Paolo Bonzini wrote: > I'm wondering if some programs out there used WSAStartup autonomously > without going through the sockets module...
That would not hurt. WSAStartup succeeds when called repeatedly, even when called with different version numbers: $ cat foo.c #include <winsock2.h> #include <ws2tcpip.h> #include <stdio.h> int main() { WSADATA data; int err; err = WSAStartup (0x101, &data); printf ("%d\n", err); err = WSAStartup (0x101, &data); printf ("%d\n", err); err = WSAStartup (0x201, &data); printf ("%d\n", err); err = WSAStartup (0x101, &data); printf ("%d\n", err); return 0; } $ gcc -mno-cygwin foo.c -lws2_32 $ ./a.exe 0 0 0 0 Bruno