Iya ayo dong jangan tanggung2 kasih infonya..........
On Fri, Jul 11, 2008 at 1:20 PM, Sri Waluyo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Saya juga sangat tertarik, mohon infonya lebih lanjut dimana bisa > mendapatkan panduan tersebut. > > Salam > > Sri Waluyo > > > -----Original Message----- > From: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> [mailto: > agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com>] On Behalf > Of AROMA MAKMUR > Sent: Friday, July 11, 2008 08:12 > To: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> > Subject: Re: [agromania] Panduan Tanam Padi SRI Organik Akan Disebarkan > Gratis > > Terima kasih pak infonya, > kami tertarik dan ingin mencoba, > dimana kami bisa mendapatkan panduan gratisnya, > apa ada e-booknya, kalau ada mohon kirim file via japri. > sekian terima kasih > salam > Tikno > > ----- Original Message ---- > From: taufik roman <[EMAIL PROTECTED] <hikesu_roman%40yahoo.com>> > To: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> > Sent: Wednesday, July 9, 2008 8:21:17 PM > Subject: Re: [agromania] Panduan Tanam Padi SRI Organik Akan Disebarkan > Gratis > > --- On Tue, 6/24/08, bambang kusharyono <[EMAIL > PROTECTED]<bskusharyono18641%40yahoo.com>> > wrote: > From: bambang kusharyono <[EMAIL PROTECTED]<bskusharyono18641%40yahoo.com> > > > Subject: [agromania] Re: [agronursery] Panduan Tanam Padi SRI Organik Akan > Disebarkan Gratis > To: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> > Date: Tuesday, June 24, 2008, 11:58 PM > > Maaf, ikutan urun-urun masalah padi SRI. > Semoga berkenan (I) > > HOW TO HELP RICE PLANTS > GROW BETTER AND PRODUCE MORE: > TEACH YOURSELF AND OTHERS > Prepared by Association Tefy Saina, Antananarivo, Madagascar, and > Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development > INTRODUCTION > The system of rice intensification (SRI) has already helped many hundreds > of > farmers in Madagascar > to at least double their yields. With good management of plants, soil and > water, yields can be > increased possibly to 6, 8, even 10 tons per hectare, or even more. > This self-help book will share with you the basic ideas and practices > that > can make this > improvement possible. This information is not presented as a recipe to be > followed > mechanically, but as a guide for farmers' own testing and evaluation of new > ways to help rice > plants grow more productively. > If this book and this method of production help you, we hope that you in > turn will share these > ideas and practices with other farmers, so that families and communities > throughout > Madagascar can become more prosperous and secure. > SRI was developed in Madagascar by Fr. Henri de Laulanié, S.J., who between > 1961 and 1995 > worked with Malagasy farmers and colleagues to improve the possibilities of > rice production in this > country. He wanted Malagasy people to have happier and more secure lives. > It > is > now being studied > and evaluated by scientists and rice growers in other countries. > SRI begins with a philosophy, that rice plants are to be respected and > supported as living creatures > that have great potential. This potential will only be realized if we > provide > plants with the best > conditions for their growth. If we help plants to grow in new and better > ways, > they will repay our > efforts several times over. We do not treat them like little machines to be > manipulated and forced to > do things that are not natural for them to do. > Some of the things that have been done for hundreds of years by farmers > in > Madagascar and in > countries around the world to make rice plants grow have unfortunately > reduced > their natural > potential. This new system of rice intensification changes these > traditional > practices to bring > out of the rice plant significant possibilities for increasing production. > The yields that can be achieved by each individual farmer will depend on > many things: on the > careful and timely transplanting of seedlings, on the preparation and > management of the soil in > the field, on the control that is maintained over water, on the quality of > the > soil itself, on > whether the variety of rice that is planted is really suitable for the > growing > conditions. > No purchase of new inputs -- neither new seeds nor chemical fertilizers > -- > is necessary for > farmers to get much increased yields. The increases can be very great as > rice > plants grown > with SRI methods have a very different structure than usual, with several > times > more tillers > and much larger root systems that can absorb more nutrients from the soil. > 2 > The plants also have many times more grain per panicle. It has always > been > possible to get > this different structure and this much greater productivity from rice > plants. > But this potential > has not been elicited by the most appropriate practices to manage the > plants, > soil, water and > nutrients. > HOW SRI CAN IMPROVE A FARMER'S PRODUCTION AND LIFE > One of the first farmers to make use of SRI methods was Honoré > Randrianarasana > near Ranomafana, > who started working with Tefy Saina in the 1994/95 season, planting just 25 > ares (.25 ha) using SRI > methods. He got a yield of 9.5 tons/ha the first year, compared to his > previous > yields of 2 to 3 tons/ha. > The next year he expanded his SRI area to 1.25 ha and got 10.95 tons/ha, > which > encouraged him to > expand further his use of SRI methods, to 2 hectares and then 4 hectares, > with > still higher yields (12.7 > and 13.7 tons/ha). In 1998-99, he planted 5 hectares, but his yields were > around 7 t/ha because the > season was bad for all farmers in the region. > In 1999-2000, Honoré planted 8 hectares with SRI, and by this time his > economic situation had > improved enough to buy 9 hectares of paddy land (he started with rented > land) > and three houses, one > of them in the regional capital of Fianarantsoa. Not all farmers will be > this > successful or able to > manage such large extents with this methodology. But Honoré has shown the > potential that SRI can > have to improve farmers' lives. > THE BASIC IDEAS > The system of rice intensification has discovered and demonstrated some > important methods for > helping rice plants to achieve their real potential. This potential has > been > obscured by previous > practices. We begin by presenting the ideas on which SRI is based. > Farmers should first understand these ideas. Then they should choose and > evaluate specific > practices that are most beneficial for their own conditions. Every farmer > is > already -- or > should become -- an experimenter. > SRI changes the structure of rice plants -- the density and number of > their > roots and tillers -- > by changing the practices used to manage rice plants, the soil they grow > in, > and the water they > receive through irrigation, so that the plants can become more productive > For rice plants to be more productive, they need to have: > More tillers per plant, > More fertile tillers (panicles) which form from the tillers that a plant > puts out, > More grains per fertile tiller, and > Larger grains. > If rice plants are spread out and not planted very close together, they > have > more room to grow. They > will get more sunshine and air and can produce more tillers. More of these > tillers will become fertile > and produce grains of rice. With more space in which to grow, rice plants' > roots become larger and > 3 > are better able to draw nutrients from the soil. This enables rice plants > to > produce more grains, which > is the reason for growing rice. > Although it may be surprising, it is possible to get many more grains of > rice from a field by > planting fewer plants and by putting them farther apart, so that each plant > is > healthier and > more vigorous in its growth. That "less" can be "more" > seems strange, but it is true. > For the plant to grow successfully above ground, it needs a healthy and > vigorous root system > below ground. The "trick" of SRI is to have both a larger root system > for each plant below > ground and more growth of tillers, leaves and grains above ground. > Planting rice plants densely and close together wastes seeds. The > individual > plants will be smaller and > less productive. Having more rice plants is not as beneficial as having > fewer > plants that are very > productive. Transplanting older seedlings also wastes potential. > With SRI methods, you can easily get 50 tillers on a single rice plant, > and > some farmers using > these methods well have been able to get over 100 tillers from a single > seedling. > Farmers can get 200 grains per fertile tiller, and the very best farmers > have gotten as many as > 400 grains on a single tiller. One farmer in Sri Lanka says with SRI he has > had > one panicle > with 600 grains. > This is not a miracle. It results from good management of the plant and of > its > soil and water > conditions, so that the plant's potential for growth and production gets > fully expressed. > HOW CAN WE GET PLANTS TO PRODUCE MORE TILLERS? > The key to success with SRI is the early transplanting of seedlings, as > explained below. This usually > means transplanting seedlings before they are 15 days old, and as early as > 8 > or > 10 days -- when only > the first small root and tiller, with two tiny leaves, have emerged from > the > rice seed. When you plant > older seedlings -- 3, 4, 5 or 6 weeks old -- they have already lost much of > their potential to produce a > large number of tillers. > When seedlings are planted with much delay after being removed from the > nursery, they suffer > a lot. Once removed from their seedbed, seedlings should be replanted in > the > field within half > an hour, and preferably within 15 minutes. > When seedlings are pushed into the ground, rather than gently laid into > the > soil, they also must > expend a lot of energy to resume root growth. This disturbs their > development. > Transplanting rice seedlings early and carefully helps plants resume their > growth in the field without > reducing their potential for high yields by harvest time. But more must be > done > to capture that > potential. It is especially necessary to promote strong root growth. > HOW CAN WE GET RICE PLANTS TO GROW STRONGER ROOTS? > The first thing is to plant single seedlings, one by one, rather than to > plant > them together in bunches > of 3 or 4 seedlings,or even more, as is usually done. > 4 > When several seedlings are planted together, their roots must compete > with > each other. This is > a similar problem for rice plants as when they grow close together with > weeds > and must > compete with them for nutrients, water and sunlight. > It is important, as discussed below, that the seedlings be spaced wide > apart, > usually at least 25 > centimeters from each other, and preferably in a square pattern. This > facilitates weeding at the same > time it gives the rice more access to sunlight and air above ground. > When the rice plants are set out far from each other, and if the soil > conditions are good, their > roots will have plenty of space to spread out into, especially when they > are > not competing with > each other. > With wider spacing and with single planting, there will be many fewer > plants in a field. > Indeed, there may be only 10 or 16 in a square meter instead of 50 or 100. > The > highest yield > has been achieved with only 4 plants per square meter, spaced 50 cm by 50 > cm > so > the plants > grow like bushes. Wide spacing saves seed -- as much as 100 kilograms per > hectare -- at the > same time that it contributes much greater production at harvest time > because > the rice plants > produce many more tillers and grains. > Planting seedlings with precise spacing can be one of the more difficult > aspects of SRI at the > beginning, when farmers are not used to this. Two different methods have > been > developed. > Farmers can stretch strings across their field, tied to sticks stuck into > the bund at the edge of > the field, spaced at 25, 30 or more centimeters, with the strings marked > (knotted or painted) at > whatever interval has been chosen (25, 30, or more centimeters), and then > these > sticks and > strings (parallel to each other) are moved across the field; or > A kind of "rake" that has teeth the desired distance apart (25, > 30 or more centimeters) can be > constructed simply from wood. It is pulled across the surface of the > prepared > muddy field, > scratching lines onto the surface at desired intervals. Drawing the rake > across > the first set of > lines perpendicularly (at a right-angle) to them creates the desired square > pattern, on which > seedlings are planted at the intersections of lines. > The first method is more precise but the second is quicker and saves > considerable labor time. > A very important influence on the size and health of the roots is how the > tiny > seedlings are placed > into the soil when they are transplanted. > When seedlings (or the clump of several seedlings) are thrust straight > downward into the soil, > the tips of their roots will be pointed up toward the surface. The shape of > the > transplanted > seedling will be like a J, with its root bent upward. > The rice plant root grows from its tip. If the tip is pointing upward, > the > root must change its > position in the soil to get the tip pointed downward before it can resume > growth. This requires > a lot of energy and effort from the tiny root, at a time when it is still > weak > after transplanting, > especially if it has been allowed to dry out by delay in getting it from > the > nursery and into the > field. > 5 > With SRI, one does not thrust seedlings downward into the soil. Rather, > each seedling is > slipped sideways into the soil, very gently and close to the surface, so > that > its root lies > horizontally in the moist soil. This makes the shape of the transplanted > seedling more like an > L than like a J. > With this shape, it is easier for the tip of the root to grow downward > into > the soil. When the > plant is shaped more like an L than a J, less energy is necessary for the > plant's root to start > growing quickly downward and to begin putting out more roots at the same > time > that it is > sending tillers upward. > A major departure from usual rice-planting practice -- an innovation as > important as transplanting tiny > young seedlings -- is to grow rice in soil with no continuously standing > water. > The rice plant during > its growth stage only needs to have soil that is moist, but not saturated. > Indeed, the field should > occasionally be dried even to the point of cracking. This goes against what > most people believe about > rice, but it is true. > An important discovery of SRI is that rice is not an aquatic plant. > Although it can survive > when its roots are continuously submerged under water, it does not thrive > in > this situation. > Rice does not grow as well underwater as when its roots are able to get > oxygen > from direct > contact with air. > Rice plants that grow in standing water will adjust to this environment.. > Their roots develop > small air pockets (known as aerenchyma) that permit oxygen from above > ground > to > reach the > roots. But this is not an ideal condition for plant growth. It interferes > with > transfer of nutrients > from the soil to the plant's tillers and leaves. > With SRI, we have discovered that the soil only needs to be kept moist > during the period of > growth when the plant is putting out tillers and leaves, before it begins > to > flower and to > produce grains. During this reproductive stage, the rice plants should be > given > a thin layer of > water (1-2 cm) on the surface of the soil. > Surprisingly, rice plants' growth will benefit if occasionally, even > once a week, the soil is > permitted to dry out, at least on the surface. This permits more oxygen to > enter the soil and > reach the roots. When the soil is not saturated, the roots need to grow > longer > to seek out water. > When the soil around rice plants' roots has abundant water, they can be > "lazy" and need not > grow very much. This limits their ability to acquire nutrients from the > soil > Once the rice plant reaches its flowering stage, as note already, farmers > should maintain a thin > cover of water (1-2 cm) on the field to support grain formation. The field > should be dried > completely about 25 days before harvest. > When rice fields are not kept flooded continuously with water, this will > give > weeds a chance to grow. > So efforts must be made to eliminate weeds, so that they do not compete > with > the rice plants and > cannot take away nutrients and water from the rice. > A very simple mechanical weeder, called a rotating hoe, pushed by hand > has > been developed > to enable farmers to eliminate weeds easily, quickly and early. It reduces > the > hard labor of > pulling up individual weeds by hand once they emerge. The weeder by > churning > up > the soil > 6 > destroys weeds before they absorb many nutrients. By leaving them in the > soil > to decompose, > it returns their nutrients to the soil > This weeder, which has rotating wheels mounted vertically in the metal > plate that is pushed > along the ground, is not expensive. It can cost as little as 25,000 FMG > (US$5) > if locally > made. It may take as much as 25 days of labor to weed a hectare of rice. > However, each > weeding can add one ton or even two tons of production to the yield, so > that > the payoff to the > farmer from each additional weeding can be very great. > The first weeding should be within about 10 days after transplanting, and > at least one more > weeding should follow within two weeks. This will dig up weeds at the same > time > that it puts > more air into the soil for the roots to utilize. > Doing one or two additional weedings (3 or 4 weedings in all), before the > plants have > completedtheir growth and begin flowering, will provide still more oxygen > to > the soil. This is > more important than removing any remaining weeds. Extra weedings can > greatly > increase > yields. > Because chemical fertilizer is often not available in villages when the > farmer > needs it, or is available > only at a price that farmers cannot afford to pay, SRI recommends using > compost > or manure to add > nutrients to the field. > Because the yields from SRI methods are so great, most soils need to be > enriched by the > addition of nutrients. But healthy rice plants with large roots can access > much > better the > nutrients already in the soil as well as those added through compost or > manure, > and thus the > plants can get more benefit from these. > Soil that is enriched with compost or manure will usually have better > structure so that plant > roots can grow more easily in the soil. Compost releases its nutrients more > slowly than does > fertilizer so plants get more benefit from this source of nutrients. > Making compost and working it into the soil of the field is usually a lot > of work. But > experience shows that this is a good investment for the farmer because the > better quality soil > supports better root growth and performance. Adding chemical fertilizer if > it > is available and > the farmer can afford this can often add to yields. But fertilizer is not > as > good as adding > organic material to the soil. > These are the basis ideas for transforming the production of rice. Once you > understand how to help > plants product more tillers as well as how to get a larger root system, the > natural result will be to > produce more grains from your fields. > TECHNIQUES > With an understanding of the potential of rice that we want to achieve, and > of > the ideas behind this > strategy for growing more productive rice, specific techniques make more > sense. > As we stated in the > 7 > introduction, these techniques should not be implemented mechanically. > Instead, > farmers should > always keep in mind the principles discussed above, such as: > Help the small seedling to achieve its great potential by getting it > established in the field at a > young age -- quickly and in an L shape from which the root grows easily. > Prepare the soil so that it has a good supply of nutrients and keep the > soil well aerated. SRI > soil management practices -- no flooding, and the use of compost -- help > microorganisms in > the soil to produce more nitrogen for the rice plants, and it is well known > that plant roots > require oxygen. > Avoid competition between rice plants so that each can grow efficiently > because it has good > access to air, sunlight, nutrients, and water. > Preparing the Nursery and Starting Seedlings > Fr. de Laulanié emphasized that the nursery for growing seedlings not be > regarded as a miniature field > -- to be kept flooded -- but rather it should be treated like a garden, > where > the soil is kept moist but > not saturated. Watering by hand is sufficient if there is not enough > rainfall > to maintain moisture in the > soil and for the seedlings. With SRI, the nursery is quite small. It can be > only a small fraction of the > size of the field to be planted. The following steps are recommended for a > modified "dry bed" method > of nursery development for SRI seedlings. > Rice seeds should first be soaked in temperate water for 24 hours. Any > that > are irregular or > float should be discarded. > Next, put the seeds in a sack (burlap or other) and place it in a warm > compost pile or in a hold > in the ground that has been warmed by fire. Cover the sack completely with > either compost or > soil and leave it for 24 hours for slow warming of the seeds. > The seedbed should be prepared as closely as possible to the field that > will be planted, so as to > minimize transport time between seedlings' removal from the seedbed and > their transplanting > in the field. > Compost should be mixed into the soil of the seedbed at a rate of 100 kg > per are (10 m x 10 > m). Prior to seeding, lay down a fine layer of "ripe" compost or > black soil in the seedbed to > give the seeds good nutrient-rich material to begin their growth in. > Farmers in Sri Lanka have found that building up the seedbed, about 10 > cm, > with lengths of > bamboo, putting in compost or animal manure (chicken manure is very good) > along > with soil, > gives the seedlings an excellent start and makes them easy to remove. Also, > the > organic > nutrients are contained within the seedbed better this way. > Broadcast the pre-germinated seeds onto the bed at a rate of about 200 > grams for every 3 > square meters, and then cover the seeds with a fine layer of soil. > Water the seedbed every day in the late afternoon, or as often as needed > to > maintain a > moderate level of soil moisture. The soil should not be saturated or kept > continuously wet. If > there has been rain during the day, no watering may be needed. How much to > add > to the bed > depends on whether the soil has become dry. > 8 > Transplanting should be done when the seedlings have just two leaves -- > and > before they have > more. This usually occurs between 8 and 15 days. > Seeds should not be sown all at the same time. Rather, appropriate > batches > of seed should be > sown on successive days, so that the plants when they are put into the > field > can be all a > uniform age, all between 8 and 12 days. > Field Preparation > The land preparation does not require special steps, though the soil should > be > well worked as it would > be to get the best results from any method for growing rice. > Make sure that there are adequate drainage canals either through the > center > of the field or > along the edges of the field to ensure proper water control. With SRI, one > does > not want to > have standing water in the field or saturated soil. > In general, we have found that compost is quite sufficient as a source of > nutrients. Chicken manure, > for example, is very rich in nutrients, but sometimes too rich. Farmers > have > found that they get best > results by working compost made from diverse sorts of biomass into the > field > during the preceding > cultivation season, when they are growing a crop between their rice crops, > such > as potatoes or beans > or onions. The compost applied then helps that crop grow better, and the > further decomposition of the > compost provides adequate nutrients for the rice crop that follows. > The steps for preparing the soil for planting seedlings are not described > here, > including how best to > work the compost or (if available) manure into the field. SRI does not > require > any special preparation, > only good normal preparation for having best results. Having cattle trample > the > soil when it has been > puddled both breaks up clods and forces air into the soil for later plant > use. > Leveling the field is important but need not be as precise as when one is > trying to maintain a uniform > layer of water on the field. It is more important to ensure that the soil > can > be well drained, by > constructing channels or furrows around sections within the field and > around > the whole field. Simply > putting furrows in a fishbone pattern across the field does not evacuate > water > as evenly from the > whole area. Keeping root zones moist most but not all of the time is the > main > requirement. > Taking Seedlings from the Nursery > Seedlings should be lifted out of the seedbed gently and WITH A TROWEL, > rather > than being pulled > up. It is important that the seed sac remain attached to the infant root. > Seedlings should be removed > from the seedbed as one would cut sod for landscaping purposes. The sod > cutting > should then be > moistened, and a single seedling (with two leaves) should be gently removed > from the cutting with > the thumb and forefinger. > When transplanting the seedling, the root should LIE HORIZONTALLY, so that > the > plant's shape > (including the root) is like the letter L, with the root tip able to grow > downward easily and quickly. > Planting the seedling with a vertical motion, plunging it into the soil in > a > downward movement, is > liable to leave the root tip inverted upwards. This will delay the root's > resumption of downward > growth, a delay that must be avoided if the plant is to reach its full > tillering potential. > 9 > Seedlings should always be transplanted from the nursery into the field > within half an hour, > and preferably within 15 minutes. The roots should never be allowed to dry > out. > They should > also not be handled roughly or slammed or hit with the palm of the hand (as > some farmers in > Madagascar do before transplanting the seedlings). > Transplanting > To plant in a uniform square pattern, with regular spacing, one method is > to > use lines (strings or > ropes) tied between sticks on the edge of the field, spaced 25 cm apart -- > or > 30 cm, or 40 cm, or > possibly 50 cm if the soil is very fertile and well managed. The lines > should > be marked (or knotted) > at similar intervals to match the width of the rows so that there will be > uniform spacing that facilitates > weeding. Or one can use a specially constructed simple "rake" that > has teeth spaced the desired > distance apart. > Spacing is a variable to be tested and evaluated. It is usually best to > start with 25 x 25 cm > spacing, possibly increasing the distance between plants as farmers' gain > skill and confidence, > and as soil fertility is enhanced by compost. > An alternative is to use a special rake to score the surface of the field > in > a > "grid" with a square pattern > for planting seedlings at the intersections of the lines. Farmers find that > this can be a faster method > than using strings or ropes. Opinions differ as to whether this method of > transplanting takes more time > or not, and whether it is more difficult. At first it make take more time, > but > because so many fewer > plants are put into the field, once some skill and confidence have been > gained, > SRI transplanting > should be quicker. Some farmers have also reported that it is less arduous, > with little or no back pain. > Farmers are often worried, when planting, about some seedlings dying. In > fact, > with SRI methods > well used, we find very little mortality, maybe 2%, so that it is not worth > the > effort t replace them, as > surrounding plants grow a little larger to take advantage of the open area. > Farmers who are concerned > should plant some seedlings along the edge of the field that they can > transplant into any vacant spaces > at the time of the first weeding. > Water Control > Little has been written about water application and management for SRI, > possibly because there has > been little systematic experimentation and evaluation of this. The > importance > of keeping the soil > unsaturated to get more air to plant roots is evident. But how long can a > field > be left without water? > How dry can they become? What is the role of rainfall in providing water > for > field? What differences > in practice will be necessary with different kinds of soil? > The addition of water should occur on or about a week after transplanting, > and > then the first weeding > (using the rotary hoe) should be done after soil is sufficiently moist, > within > the first 10 days. If there > is intermittent rain, sufficient to keep the soil moist, no water additions > are > needed. The best time to > add water is before the periodic weedings. > During the growth phase, roughly the first three months, water should be > applied only to the fields for > weeding purposes, being left to dry out even to the point of surface > cracking. > This will contribute to > 10 > soil aeration. This drying should be done at least 3 or 4 times before the > phase of flowering and > panicle initiation. > We find that an increasing number of farmers who practice SRI are following > an > alternating schedule > for water application. Instead of trying to keep the soil continuously > moist > but aerated (well-drained), > with some periods of complete drying, one can flood the field for 3-5 days > and > then drain it and keep > it dried for 3-5 days. We do not have any research to show what is the best > length of time for wetting > and drying under such an alternating pattern of water application, and in > any > case, what is best for a > particular field will depend upon soil texture and other factors. > If farmers want to save labor, they may adopt such an alternating wet-dry > schedule. We do not > know whether or how much this might lower yield below an optimum with moist > but > aerated > soil. We encourage farmers and others to experiment with different water > application methods, > noting what serves best the plants' growth needs. > The physical design of fields for good control over water -- drainage as > well > as inflow -- needs to be > considered, matching design to soil, water and topographical conditions, as > well as methods for > getting greater aeration of water, e.g., applying water to the field > through > a > bamboo pipe that lets > water fall onto the field. Farmers are encouraged to experiment with water > management according to > their understanding of the desirability of ensuring aeration of the soil > for > better root growth. Rather > than recommend a specific schedule, we emphasize the principle for farmers > to > adapt to their needs. > Weeding > The justification for this has been discussed already, but the techniques > need > to be made clear. How > does one use the weeder to get best effect for both weed removal and for > soil > aeration? The practice > of planting seedlings in a square pattern (25 by 25 cm or wider) permits > weeding in both directions, > up and down rows and across them. This should be done until the growth of > plants' canopy makes it > difficult to pass the weeder between them. > We can showing the benefits of weeding from the resulting yields for > farmers > using SRI in > Ambatovaky during the l 997-98 season, comparing yields with the number of > weedings done. Under > the growing conditions in that community (high elevation, well-drained > soils), > there were dramatic > benefits from doing more than two weedings, adding about 2 tons/hectare for > each additional > weeding. Two farmers did no weedings and got 6.0 tons/ha.; eight farmers > did > one weeding only and > got 7.7 tons/ha.; the 27 farmers who did two weedings got about the same > (7..4 > tons/ha.). But the 24 > farmers who did three weedings averaged 9.1 tons/ha., and the 15 farmers > who > did four weedings got > 11.8 tons/ha. This information gives justification and encouragement for > doing > more than the > minimum recommended number of weedings. > Pest and Disease Control > Pest and disease problems appear to be less with SRI methods, perhaps > because > the fields are kept > less humid. It is known that healthier, more vigorous plants have more > capacity > to resist pest and > disease attacks. Farmers in Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Philippines, Myanmar > and > Sri Lanka, as well > as Madagascar, have reported fewer pest and disease problems with this > method, > making use of > agrochemical not necessary or economical. More needs to be known about how > farmers using SRI > can best deal with any pest or disease outbreak affecting crops. > 11 > Management after Flowering > SRI focuses most of its efforts on getting the rice plants well established > in > the soil and on > encouraging their active increase of roots and tillers during the > vegetative > growth stage. The water > management strategy changes once flowering begins, with a thin layer of > water > (1-2 cm) being > maintained continuously on the field, though there can be some > interruptions > in > this. It is > recommended that farmers drain their fields about 25 days before > harvesting, > to > let the soil dry out > and encouraging the plant to transfer as much of its nutrient supply to the > grains as possible. Some > scientists think draining should come later than this. Farmers are > encouraged > to experiment to see > what works best for their soil and other conditions. > Harvest > SRI rice is harvested just like any other rice, except there should be much > more rice to harvest. This > makes the farmer's task more difficult, but this is the kind of difficulty > everyone should wish for: a > bountiful harvest. Some farmers find that the way rice grows with SRI > management makes harvesting > easier. For one thing, there is almost never any lodging, even with larger > panicles. Also, the panicles > are easier to collect off the plants. > Experimentation > Throughout the whole process, farmers should be observing their rice crop > and > their rice field > carefully, looking for any signs of stress or poor growth. Farmers should > feel > free to make some > adjustments in practices like timing, spacing, soil preparation, weeding, > or > to > try any other thing they > think might give their rice a better chance to grow vigorously. Innovations > should be tried first in > small areas rather than for the whole field. > One of the main things that needs to be evaluated by each farmer according > to > his or her particular > field conditions, is the spacing of the rice plants. What density of rice > plants per square meter will > produce the best total yield from that area will depend on the farmer's > soil, on temperature and > climatic conditions, as well as the variety of rice used. > We suggest starting with plants set out in a square pattern 25 by 25 > centimeters. Sometimes wider > spacing is more productive (even with fewer plants) depending on soil > structure, nutrient and > drainage conditions. Sometimes narrower spacing produces more total rice, > though probably plants > should not be closer than 20 by 20 cm, or 25 x 14 cm. Enough space must be > left > for the weeder to be > passed up and down the rows between plants in both directions. With good > soil > and water conditions, > very wide spacing is likely to be most productive -- 40 by 40 cm, or even > 50 > by > 50 cm. > Farmers are also encouraged to experiment with different varieties of rice. > Sometimes certain > improved varieties respond very well to these management practices, but > sometimes, under other > conditions, certain local varieties will produce more. We have seen some > varieties such as x265 and > 2067 perform very well at higher elevations (over 1,000 meters), producing > 11 > to 12 tons per hectare. > But when these varieties are planted at lower elevations (400 to 600 > meters) > just 20 to 25 kilometers > away, their yield may be only half or a third as much. (Variety 2067 > produced > rice at a rate of 21 > 12 > tons/hectare for the farmer Ralalason in Soatanana, Madagascar, who used > all > of > the SRI methods to > their best advantage, including excellent compost, applying 5 tons to his > 1/8 > hectare. He applied it to > the vegetable crop that he grew between rice crops, so it had a long time > to > decompose.) > Farmers can often get a much greater return from their land and labor if > they can find one or > more varieties that are very well suited to their growing conditions. This > requires > experimentation and evaluation by farmers and will be more efficient if a > number of farmers > cooperate in evaluating varieties. If a large number of them operating rice > fields under similar > conditions test many different varieties, they can usefully share > information > about their > experience with each. > LABOR REQUIREMENTS > One of the main reasons cited by farmers and others for not adopting SRI > methods is that SRI requires > more labor. This is true in the sense that any intensification will require > more work and certainly > more management effort. However, the increased labor requirements for SRI > are > not simply a matter > of needing to invest more labor, and in some respects, farmers will find > that > SRI requires less labor. > In fact, some Sri Lankan farmers now report that SRI requires fewer days of > labor per hectare than > their conventional methods, which include time for spraying their fields > with > insecticides, no longer > needed. > First, when any new method of production is used, there is some time > requires > for learning how to use > the method correctly and quickly. Some of the increased labor needed for > SRI > is > simply a matter of > learning time. This is an investment that should be repaid within the first > season. > One study of SRI labor requirements found that it required about > two-thirds > more days of > labor per hectare when using the methods in the first or second year. But > after > farmers had > become better acquainted with the methods, and had become more comfortable > with > them > (particularly the transplanting), the labor requirement dropped by about > one-third, so that SRI > required only about 25% more labor per hectare. A more recent study with > 108 > farmers in > Madagascar who used both SRI and conventional methods on their farm found > that > the > difference in labor requirements for SRI was 25% greater. Since yields with > SRI > were at least > doubled, the amount of rice produced for each day of work invested was > increased greatly. > The field preparation is essentially the same for SRI and usual methods > of > production. As the > nursery is much smaller, there can be a saving of time on this part of the > process. > The amount of time initially spent in setting up a field for planting > with > SR1 is greater, as > lines need to be laid out for planting seedlings in rows carefully and > well-spaced. Although > the amount of time spent for putting each seedling into the field is > several > times greater, there > will be many fewer seedlings to be planted. The number of seedlings > transplanted with SRI is > only one-tenth as many as with conventional planting, and possibly even > fewer > if wider > spacing is used. > Once farmers are skilled in organizing SRI transplanting -- which > requires > a handful of > seedlings for a field where before a headload full of seedlings was needed > before -- the > transplanting may take no more time or only a little more. > 13 > The biggest difference in terms of labor required is for weeding. But doing > the > minimum of two > weedings with a weeder take little more time than two hand weedings -and > this > work is much less > difficult and tiresome than bending over to pull up weeds. Some farmers > consider weeding for SRI to > be easier than with traditional methods. > How many weedings a farmer will do beyond this minimum is for each to > decide for himself > or herself. Farmers should experiment to see how much increased yield they > get > from doing > additional weedings. We know some farmers who have been able to get one ton > or > even two > tons more rice from each additional weeding. > There can be a very great return from the labor invested, worth 10 times > and even 20 times > more than the cost. So each farmer can decide for himself or herself how > much > effort to invest > in raising his or her production. > One big difference in labor requirement between SRI and conventional rice > production can be for > harvesting because yields are so much higher. But no farmers complain about > having to bring in more > rice from their fields and thresh it, since this means that the household > will > get much more benefit > from the labor they have already invested. Also, because the panicles are > bigger and sturdier, with > less dropping of rice, some farmers find that harvesting even for a larger > volume of grain is easier > with SRI. > One study of SRI experience on the west coast of Madagascar found that for > farmers who were > reasonably acquainted with the methods, using them required about 500 hours > per > hectare. Given the > prevailing price/cost of labor, an increase in yield of 500 kilograms per > hectare, at low harvest-time > prices, would repay the extra labor. Average yield increases with SRI were > about 2,000 kilograms per > hectare. If the farmer could wait to sell his rice for three months, when > the > price had gone up, yield > would need to increase by only 250 kilograms per hectare to cover the > increased > labor cost, producing > 2,000 more kilograms per hectare. (The reference is to research by Frederic > Bonlieu during the 1998- > 99 season.) > Some farmer households will not have enough labor to be able to cultivate > the > full extent of their rice > fields with SRI methods. In this situation, they should experiment with SRI > on > a small area to satisfy > themselves that this technique will increase their production by a > substantial > amount. We suggest that > they then cultivate only part of their available fields with SRI, reserving > the > rest of their land for > growing other crops at some other time when they are not limited by the > amount > of labor time > available. > If farmers can get much greater returns from their land and their labor > by > using SRI methods, > it is a waste of their land and their labor to continue cultivating the > whole > extent of their fields > with less productive methods. It will be more profitable to cultivate just > part > of their land with > SRI methods, and then to grow other crops on the remaining land when time > permits. > If there is a particular operation for which a farm household does not > have > enough labor to use > SRI methods, it will be worthwhile to hire additional labor to assist with > this > operation. If the > household does not have enough money in hand to hire labor, it can offer to > share the greater > harvest with those who provide labor or to pay for the labor with rice > after > the harvest rather > than with money. > 14 > Farmers should not let labor limitations keep them from experimenting with > and > using SRI methods. > There should be some way that they can benefit from this new technology by > making the kinds of > arrangements described above. SRI is one of the few technologies that can > increase simultaneously > the productive of land, of labor, and of water. The goal is not so much to > increase yields by several > times as to make all of the factors of production more productive, so that > farmers can get more return > from whatever resources they have, starting with labor. > CONCLUSIONS > SRI was developed by Fr. de Laulanié with farmers as friends and as > students. > Their purpose was to > improve the quality and security of life for all people in Madagascar who > depend on the soil for their > livelihoods. Others will also benefit if rice can become more abundant and > available at a lower price. > The essential initial step toward success with SRI is to think about the > rice > plant in a new and > different way. The previous ways of understanding and cultivating rice have > served millions, even > billions of people well for many centuries. But with some new management > practices, it will be > possible for farmers to get many more grains of rice returned for every > grain > they plant by doing this > carefully and by providing better conditions for the growing plants. > There is now experimentation going on to adapt the concepts of SRI to > growing > upland (unirrigated) > rice. One initial experiment at Zahamena, not using fire as an agricultural > practice, produced 16 times > more grains of rice per rice seed planted -- double the yield with only > one-eighth as many seeds -- as > with traditional slash-and-burn production. During the 1997-98 season, some > trials were undertaken > adapting SRI methods to upland conditions. By using compost instead of > burning, > and by planting > seeds widely spaced, 30 by 30 cm, with leguminous plant cuttings (tephrosia > and > crotelaria) used as a > thick mulch to suppress weeds, unirrigated fields yielded 4 tons/hectare. > The > mulch conserved water > in the soil as well as suppressed weeds, almost totally, and provided some > additional nutrients. We > think that other crops may also be able to benefit from drawing on these > concepts for improving plant > growth. > FOR MORE INFORMATION ON SRI > Association Tefy Saina is a non-governmental organization established to > improve agriculture and the > > __________________________________________ > | > $ AGROMANIA BUSINESS CLUB (ABC) > $ Mau Daftar? Segera Hubungi: > $ AGROMANIA (online sejak 1 Agustus 2000) > $ SMS: 0 8 1 1 1 8 5 9 2 9 > $ EMAIL: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <infokita2%40yahoo.co.id>. > $ MILIS: http://groups.yahoo.com/subscribe/agromania > $ AKTIVITAS: http://ph.groups.yahoo.com/group/agromania/photos > $ REFERENSI: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/agromania/files/ > $ ALAMAT: Jl.Jambu No.53, Pejaten Barat 2, Jaksel 12510 > $ TELP/FAX: ( 0 2 1 ) 7 1 9 9 6 6 0 > |_______________________________________ > > --- On Wed, 6/25/08, agronursery <[EMAIL > PROTECTED]<agronursery%40yahoo.co.id>> > wrote: > > From: agronursery <[EMAIL PROTECTED] <agronursery%40yahoo.co.id>> > Subject: [agronursery] Panduan Tanam Padi SRI Organik Akan Disebarkan > Gratis > To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <agronursery%40yahoogroups.com> > Date: Wednesday, June 25, 2008, 12:04 PM > > Panduan Tanam Padi SRI Organik Akan Disebarkan Gratis > > JAKARTA, KAMIS Keberhasilan pola tanam padi SRI organik yang telah > diimplementasikan di Cianjut, Jawa Barat akan ditularkan ke daerah lain di > wilayah Indonesia. Untuk mempermudah penyebaran pengetahuan metode tanam > yang > dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan akan dilakukan menggunakan buku > panduan > yang dibagikan cuma-cuma. > "Target kami tahun ini membuat modul yang mudah dipahami semua orang > khususnya petani, for all for free," ujar Roni Pramadita, Direktur > Eksekutif Medco Foundation kepada pers di Jakarta, Kamis (24/4). Hal yang > menjadi tantangan terbesar selain isi dari modul tersebut adalah bagaimana > agar > informasi yang dismapiakan bisa diakses sebanyak mungkin lapisan masyarakat > dan > tidak dikomersilkan. > Pola tanam padi SRI organik telah berhasil diuji coba pada lahan seluas 7,4 > hektare di Cianjur, Jawa Barat sejak setahun terakhir. Selama dua kali > panen, > produksi gabah kering giling meningkat menjadi 10 ton per hektare. Selain > di > Cianjur, Medco Foundation juga mendukung uji coba pertanian padi dengan > metode SRI organik pada 20 hektar lahan di Merauke. Saat ini bahkan sudah > 140 > hektar lahan di ujung Papua itu yang dikelola dengan SRI organik. > "Sudah dua kali panen, produktivitas di Merauke 3,5-5 ton per hektare, > lebih kecil sih namun wajar karena tanahnya beda degan di Jawa dan belum > menggunakan pupuk kompos, tapi jangan salah, satu petani di sana mengolah 3 > hektar lahan lho," ujar Roni. > SRI organik tidak hanya berhasil meningkatkan produktivitas lahan, namun > juga > lebih ramah lingkungan karena tidak menggunakan pupuk kimia melainkan > kompos > yang dapat dibuat sendiri dengan MOL (mikroorganisme lokal). Dengan SRI > organik, para petani diharapkan dapat mengelola lahan secara mandiri tanpa > tergantung fluktuasi harga pupuk. > WAH > > Sumber Kompas > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > ------------------------------------ > > DAFTAR JADI ANGGOTA MILIS AGROMANIA: > Bergabung: [EMAIL PROTECTED]<agromania-subscribe%40yahoogroups.com> > Posting Pesan: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> > Kontak Moderator: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <infokita2%40yahoo.co.id> > SMS Moderator: 0811-18-5929 > > TIPS PENCARIAN DI GOOGLE: daftar alamat pembeli agrobisnis / agribisnis, > daftar alamat penjual dan pembeli Indonesia dan mancanegara, diskusi dan > teori > agribisnis, cara melakukan ekspor, buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran, ternak, > kebun, > taman, tanaman, tanaman obat (herbal), mesin pengolahan, mesin pertanian, > makanan, minuman, ikan hias, hutan, pupuk, ikan, ikan laut, benih, biji, > kacang-kacangan, daging, rempah-rempah, budidaya, hidroponik, hortikultura, > sapi, ayam, burung, kambing, sawit, minyak sawit, bonsai, walet, anggrek, > minyak atsiri, udang, kayu, lada, vanili, kopi, coklat, kacang, nilam, > markisa, > durian, lebah madu, pisang, bekicot, salak, ubi kayu, jagung, karet, > eksportir / > importir, penjual / pembeli, waralabais (pengusaha waralaba), produsen, > wiraswasta, petani, informasi jasa, iklan produk agribisnis, informasi > lowongan > bidang agrobisnis, forum diskusi, konsultasi, daftar alamat, informasi > harga, > pertanian, perikanan, peternakan, perkebunan, kehutanan, agroindustri, agro > indonesia.Yahoo! Groups Links > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > ------------------------------------ > > DAFTAR JADI ANGGOTA MILIS AGROMANIA: > Bergabung: [EMAIL PROTECTED]<agromania-subscribe%40yahoogroups.com> > Posting Pesan: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> > Kontak Moderator: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <infokita2%40yahoo.co.id> > SMS Moderator: 0811-18-5929 > > TIPS PENCARIAN DI GOOGLE: daftar alamat pembeli agrobisnis / agribisnis, > daftar alamat penjual dan pembeli Indonesia dan mancanegara, diskusi dan > teori agribisnis, cara melakukan ekspor, buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran, > ternak, > kebun, taman, tanaman, tanaman obat (herbal), mesin pengolahan, mesin > pertanian, makanan, minuman, ikan hias, hutan, pupuk, ikan, ikan laut, > benih, biji, kacang-kacangan, daging, rempah-rempah, budidaya, hidroponik, > hortikultura, sapi, ayam, burung, kambing, sawit, minyak sawit, bonsai, > walet, anggrek, minyak atsiri, udang, kayu, lada, vanili, kopi, coklat, > kacang, nilam, markisa, durian, lebah madu, pisang, bekicot, salak, ubi > kayu, jagung, karet, eksportir / importir, penjual / pembeli, waralabais > (pengusaha waralaba), produsen, wiraswasta, petani, informasi jasa, iklan > produk agribisnis, informasi lowongan bidang agrobisnis, forum diskusi, > konsultasi, daftar alamat, informasi harga, pertanian, perikanan, > peternakan, perkebunan, > kehutanan, agroindustri, agro indonesia.Yahoo! Groups Links > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > ------------------------------------ > > DAFTAR JADI ANGGOTA MILIS AGROMANIA: > Bergabung: [EMAIL PROTECTED]<agromania-subscribe%40yahoogroups.com> > Posting Pesan: agromania@yahoogroups.com <agromania%40yahoogroups.com> > Kontak Moderator: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <infokita2%40yahoo.co.id> > SMS Moderator: 0811-18-5929 > > TIPS PENCARIAN DI GOOGLE: daftar alamat pembeli agrobisnis / agribisnis, > daftar alamat penjual dan pembeli Indonesia dan mancanegara, diskusi dan > teori agribisnis, cara melakukan ekspor, buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran, > ternak, > kebun, taman, tanaman, tanaman obat (herbal), mesin pengolahan, mesin > pertanian, makanan, minuman, ikan hias, hutan, pupuk, ikan, ikan laut, > benih, biji, kacang-kacangan, daging, rempah-rempah, budidaya, hidroponik, > hortikultura, sapi, ayam, burung, kambing, sawit, minyak sawit, bonsai, > walet, anggrek, minyak atsiri, udang, kayu, lada, vanili, kopi, coklat, > kacang, nilam, markisa, durian, lebah madu, pisang, bekicot, salak, ubi > kayu, jagung, karet, eksportir / importir, penjual / pembeli, waralabais > (pengusaha waralaba), produsen, wiraswasta, petani, informasi jasa, iklan > produk agribisnis, informasi lowongan bidang agrobisnis, forum diskusi, > konsultasi, daftar alamat, informasi harga, pertanian, perikanan, > peternakan, perkebunan, kehutanan, agroindustri, agro indonesia.Yahoo! > Groups Links > > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] ------------------------------------ DAFTAR JADI ANGGOTA MILIS AGROMANIA: Bergabung: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Posting Pesan: agromania@yahoogroups.com Kontak Moderator: [EMAIL PROTECTED] SMS Moderator: 0811-18-5929 TIPS PENCARIAN DI GOOGLE: daftar alamat pembeli agrobisnis / agribisnis, daftar alamat penjual dan pembeli Indonesia dan mancanegara, diskusi dan teori agribisnis, cara melakukan ekspor, buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran, ternak, kebun, taman, tanaman, tanaman obat (herbal), mesin pengolahan, mesin pertanian, makanan, minuman, ikan hias, hutan, pupuk, ikan, ikan laut, benih, biji, kacang-kacangan, daging, rempah-rempah, budidaya, hidroponik, hortikultura, sapi, ayam, burung, kambing, sawit, minyak sawit, bonsai, walet, anggrek, minyak atsiri, udang, kayu, lada, vanili, kopi, coklat, kacang, nilam, markisa, durian, lebah madu, pisang, bekicot, salak, ubi kayu, jagung, karet, eksportir / importir, penjual / pembeli, waralabais (pengusaha waralaba), produsen, wiraswasta, petani, informasi jasa, iklan produk agribisnis, informasi lowongan bidang agrobisnis, forum diskusi, konsultasi, daftar alamat, informasi harga, pertanian, perikanan, peternakan, perkebunan, kehutanan, agroindustri, agro indonesia.Yahoo! 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